Cashew shell5/9/2023 TABLE 2: CNSL SPECIFICATIONS OF AFRICAN COUNTRY CHARACTERISTICSĬashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) has a wide range of useful applications. Slightly different CNSL specifications are used in another country (in Africa), as shown in the following table. Viscosity after acid washing at 30 deg.TABLE 1: INDIAN STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CNSL CHARACTERISTICS The following table lists Indian Standard Specifications for CNSL. The characteristics of this treated CNSL are different from the original, i.e., raw CNSL. CNSL produced by using cold press solvent extraction method needs to be treated to remove metallic impurities as well as traces of sulphur compounds. Residual shells can be exploited as fuels or converted to activated carbon for use as low-cost filters in water purification.The present article discusses specifications and applications of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL).Ĭharacteristics of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) obtained from different manufacturing processes vary to some extent. These results show that CNSW is a potential bioresource for CNSL production for use in the paints, varnishes, surface coatings, agrochemicals and ethnomedicine industries. The ΔS° (+ 0.086 kJ/mol/K) showed that there was spontaneous interaction of the solution and adsorbate. ∆G° was negative and a ∆H° of + 22.76 kJ/mol indicated that adsorption was endothermic. The adsorption kinetics conformed to pseudo-second-order model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 12.1 mg/g. Equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm model. Phytochemical screening showed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, amino acids, terpenoids, proteins, steroids, glycosides and carboxylic acids. Solvent extraction yielded 24.6 ± 0.4%, 38.2 ± 0.4% and 40.1 ± 0.9% for petroleum ether, hexane and ethanol respectively. In this paper, we report extraction of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) from cashew nut shell waste (CNSW) and further use of residues for generation of activated carbon for removal of heavy metals and methylene blue (MB). The main objective is to generate information that can be used for the efficient use of cashew nut shells for energy or chemicals production. The study intends to compare the volatiles and char yields as well as the pyrolysis kinetics of this material and those of raw cashew nut shells. In the present study, however, the focus is the cashew nut shell cake that remains after physical extraction of the cashew nut shell oil. In previous studies raw cashew nut shells were studied as energy sources. The cake resulting from this process has less energy than the raw shells but can be used as solid fuel for energy generation as well. This cashew nut shell oil is also known as an important chemicals precursor that can be extracted from the shells through different ways, yielding different oil and cake qualities. Cashew nut shell liquid is an important and powerful bio-oil whose calorific value is comparable to that of petroleum oils. They can either be submitted directly to any thermochemical conversion process to generate energy or used to generate a biocrude, known as cashew nut shell liquid and a solid cake. Cashew nut shells are biomass wastes that can provide energy through different ways.
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